CHAPTER 14: PREVENTION OF DRUG ABUSE AND
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Easy English + Simple Hinglish | Exam-Focused
1. ADOLESCENCE
English
Adolescence is the period between childhood and adulthood when many physical and mental changes take place.
According to the chapter:
• In girls, it is approximately 8–18 years.
• In boys, it is approximately 7–19 years.
• The body grows rapidly.
• Reproductive organs develop.
• Changes occur in the nervous and hormonal systems.
Problems during adolescence may include acne, loneliness, anxiety, fear, lack of interest, tiredness, eating problems, stress and addiction.
Hinglish
Adolescence woh age hoti hai jab bachpan se adulthood ki taraf body aur mind mein bahut changes aate hain.
Girls mein approximately 8–18 years aur boys mein 7–19 years ka period diya gaya hai. Is age mein body rapidly grow karti hai, reproductive organs develop hote hain aur nervous system aur hormones mein changes hote hain.
Acne, loneliness, anxiety, stress, tiredness aur kabhi-kabhi addiction jaise problems ho sakte hain.
2. WHAT IS SUBSTANCE ABUSE?
English
Substance abuse means the harmful or improper use of a substance, especially drugs, to change one’s mood or feelings.
It can also mean using medicines or drugs without proper advice, in the wrong amount, or in a way different from what is advised.
Example:
Correct medicine use → proper use
Unnecessary or excessive drug use → substance abuse
Hinglish
Substance abuse ka matlab kisi substance, especially drugs, ka galat ya harmful use karna hai.
Jaise doctor ki advice ke bina medicine lena, zarurat se zyada medicine lena ya drug ko galat purpose ke liye use karna.
Correct use = medicine ko sahi tarike aur sahi amount mein lena.
Substance abuse = medicine/drug ka galat ya harmful use.
3. WHAT IS A DRUG?
English
A drug is a natural or man-made chemical substance that can change the working of the body.
Drugs may be used to treat diseases, reduce symptoms, change mood or improve performance.
The chapter states that the word drug comes from the Dutch word “droog”, meaning dry.
Drugs may be prescription drugs, used on a doctor’s advice, or non-prescription drugs.
Hinglish
Drug ek natural ya man-made chemical substance hota hai jo body ke working ko change kar sakta hai.
Drugs ka use disease treat karne, symptoms kam karne, mood change karne ya performance improve karne ke liye kiya ja sakta hai.
Drug word Dutch word “droog” se aaya hai, jiska meaning “dry” hai.
4. DRUG ADDICTION
English
Drug addiction is a condition in which a person becomes dependent on a drug and finds it difficult to stop using it.
Main characteristics:
1. Strong desire to continue taking the drug.
2. Larger amount may be needed for the same effect.
3. Mental and physical dependence may develop.
4. Drug use can harm the person and society.
Simple flow: Regular drug use → Habit → Dependence → Addiction
Drug addiction can be difficult to leave, but it is treatable.
Hinglish
Drug addiction tab hoti hai jab person drug par dependent ho jata hai aur use band karna difficult ho jata hai.
Main points: drug lene ki strong desire, same effect ke liye zyada drug ki zarurat, mental aur physical dependence, aur person aur society par harmful effects.
Regular use → Aadat → Dependence → Addiction.
5. WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS
English
When a person who is dependent on a drug suddenly stops taking it, unpleasant symptoms may appear. These are called withdrawal symptoms.
They may include mild shaking, severe restlessness, fits or other serious problems. Severe cases may need medical supervision.
Hinglish
Jab kisi drug ki aadat ho chuki ho aur person suddenly drug lena band kar de, toh unpleasant problems aa sakti hain. Inhe withdrawal symptoms kehte hain.
Jaise haath-pair ka kaanpna, restlessness, fits aur serious health problems. Severe case mein doctor ki supervision zaroori ho sakti hai.
6. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DRUG ADDICTION
English
Common signs include loss of interest in sports and daily activities, loss of appetite, loss of body weight, unsteady walking, clumsy movements and tremors.
Easy memory: Interest + Food + Weight + Movement
Hinglish
Drug addiction mein sports aur daily activities mein interest kam ho sakta hai, bhook kam lag sakti hai, weight kam ho sakta hai, walking unsteady ho sakti hai aur body kaanp sakti hai.
Yaad rakhein: Interest + Food + Weight + Movement.
7. REASONS FOR DRUG ABUSE
English
People may abuse drugs to get exciting or calming effects, escape from reality, search for unusual experiences, reduce or hide pain, or reduce anxiety.
Repeated use may increase dependence.
Hinglish
Log drugs ka misuse excitement ya calm feeling ke liye, reality se escape karne ke liye, different experience ke liye, pain ko kam ya hide karne ke liye, ya anxiety ko kam karne ke liye kar sakte hain.
Repeated use se drug dependence aur addiction ho sakti hai.
8. DRUGS AND THE HUMAN BRAIN
English
Some addictive drugs are called psychoactive drugs. They can affect the nervous system, change the working of nerve cells, change chemical messengers and affect mood and behaviour.
Simple flow: Drug → Nervous system changes → Mood/behaviour may change
Hinglish
Kuch addictive drugs ko psychoactive drugs kaha jata hai. Ye nervous system ko affect kar sakti hain, nerve cells ke working aur chemical messengers mein changes la sakti hain aur mood aur behaviour ko affect kar sakti hain.
Drug → Nervous system affect → Mood/behaviour change.
9. DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRUGS
English
The chapter mentions five major types:
• Alcohol
• Tobacco
• Opioids
• Cannabinoids
• Coca alkaloids
Hinglish
Chapter mein drugs ke five main types diye gaye hain: Alcohol, Tobacco, Opioids, Cannabinoids aur Coca alkaloids.
10. ALCOHOL
English
Alcohol is absorbed quickly from the stomach and intestine and reaches body cells through the blood. It acts as a sedative, reduces nervous-system activity and can cause loss of sensation. The liver is an important organ affected by alcohol.
Key point: Alcohol mainly affects the nervous system and liver.
Hinglish
Alcohol stomach aur intestine se jaldi absorb hokar blood ke through body cells tak pahunchta hai. Ye nervous system ki activity ko slow karta hai, sensation ko reduce kar sakta hai aur liver ko affect karta hai.
Important: Alcohol → Nervous system + Liver.
11. TOBACCO
English
Tobacco is obtained from dried and cured leaves of tobacco plants. The chapter mentions Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica. Tobacco contains nicotine.
Harmful effects include increased heartbeat and blood pressure, effects on blood vessels, damage to the respiratory system, lung diseases and increased risk of lung cancer. Smoke also contains carbon monoxide and tar.
Hinglish
Tobacco tobacco plants ki dried aur cured leaves se milta hai. Ismein poisonous substance nicotine hota hai.
Tobacco heartbeat aur blood pressure badha sakta hai, blood vessels aur lungs ko affect karta hai aur lung diseases aur lung cancer ka risk badha sakta hai.
Tobacco = Nicotine + harmful smoke + health problems.
12. OPIOIDS
English
Opioids are drugs that act on specific receptors in the nervous system and digestive system.
Example: Heroin. It is obtained from the latex of the poppy plant, Papaver somniferum.
Remember: Opioids → Poppy plant → Heroin
Hinglish
Opioids aisi drugs hain jo nervous system aur digestive system ke specific parts par effect karti hain.
Example: Heroin, jo poppy plant (Papaver somniferum) se obtain hota hai.
Opioids → Poppy plant → Heroin.
13. CANNABINOIDS
English
Cannabinoids are chemicals obtained from the Cannabis sativa plant.
Examples mentioned: Marijuana, Hashish, Ganja and Charas.
Hinglish
Cannabinoids Cannabis sativa plant se milne wale chemicals hain.
Examples: Marijuana, Hashish, Ganja aur Charas.
14. COCA ALKALOIDS / COCAINE
English
Coca alkaloids are obtained from the coca plant. Scientific name: Erythroxylum coca. The chapter mentions cocaine as an example.
Remember: Coca plant → Coca alkaloids → Cocaine
Hinglish
Coca alkaloids coca plant se obtain hote hain. Scientific name Erythroxylum coca hai. Example: Cocaine.
Coca plant → Coca alkaloids → Cocaine.
15. TREATMENT OF DRUG ADDICTION
English
The chapter mentions medicines that may be used in treatment of drug addiction and withdrawal: Diazepam, Pentobarbital, Flumazenil, Naloxone and Methadone.
Treatment should be done under proper medical supervision.
Hinglish
Drug addiction ka treatment doctor ki supervision mein kiya jana chahiye.
Chapter mein Diazepam, Pentobarbital, Flumazenil, Naloxone aur Methadone jaise medicines ke examples diye gaye hain.
16. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES — STDs
English
Diseases or infections mainly transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person are called Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). They are also called Venereal Diseases (VD) or Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs). They may be caused by bacteria or viruses.
Examples: Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Chlamydia, Hepatitis-B and HIV infection.
Hinglish
Jo diseases ya infections mainly infected person ke sexual contact se spread hoti hain, unhe STDs kehte hain.
Inhe Venereal Diseases ya Reproductive Tract Infections bhi kaha jata hai. Ye bacteria ya viruses ki wajah se ho sakti hain.
Examples: Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Chlamydia, Hepatitis-B aur HIV infection.
17. HOW CAN STDs SPREAD?
English
STDs may spread through:
1. Sexual contact with an infected person.
2. Sharing infected needles or surgical instruments.
3. Transfusion of infected blood.
4. An infected mother passing the infection to her baby.
Hinglish
STDs infected person ke sexual contact, infected needles ya surgical instruments share karne, infected blood transfusion aur infected mother se baby tak spread ho sakti hain.
18. PREVENTION OF STDs
English
STDs can be prevented by avoiding sexual contact with unknown or infected persons, avoiding multiple sexual partners, using condoms during sexual intercourse, consulting a doctor when there is doubt, using properly tested blood, using sterilized medical instruments and never sharing needles.
Hinglish
STDs se bachne ke liye unknown ya infected person ke saath sexual contact avoid karein, multiple sexual partners avoid karein, condoms ka use karein, doubt hone par doctor se consult karein, safe blood use karein, medical instruments sterilized hone chahiye aur needles share nahi karni chahiye.
19. WHAT IS AIDS?
English
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
A = Acquired
I = Immune
D = Deficiency
S = Syndrome
The immune system is the body’s defense system that protects us from diseases.
Hinglish
AIDS ka full form Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome hai.
Acquired = baad mein acquire hone wali condition
Immune = body ke defense system se related
Deficiency = defense system weak hona
Syndrome = signs aur symptoms ka group
Immune system hamare body ka defense system hai.
20. WHAT CAUSES AIDS?
English
AIDS is caused by HIV — Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV attacks the body’s immune system. When the immune system becomes weak, the person becomes more likely to suffer from different infections.
Hinglish
AIDS HIV virus ki wajah se hota hai. HIV body ke immune/defense system ko attack karta hai. Defense system weak hone par different infections ka risk badh jata hai.
21. HOW DOES HIV AFFECT THE BODY?
English
HIV affects the body’s defense system.
HIV enters the body → Attacks immune system → Body’s defense becomes weak → Person becomes more likely to get infections.
Hinglish
HIV body ke defense system ko weak karta hai.
HIV body mein enter karta hai → Immune system ko attack karta hai → Defense power weak hoti hai → Infections ka risk badhta hai.
22. HOW DOES HIV/AIDS SPREAD?
English
HIV can spread through:
1. Sexual contact with an infected person.
2. Infected blood, infected blood products, contaminated needles, syringes or medical equipment.
3. From an infected mother to her child before birth, during birth or shortly after birth.
Hinglish
HIV infected sexual contact, infected blood ya contaminated needles/equipment aur infected mother se child tak spread ho sakta hai.
23. SYMPTOMS OF AIDS / HIV INFECTION
English
Adults: weight loss, long-lasting diarrhoea, fungal infection in mouth and throat, long-lasting cough and swelling of lymph glands.
Children: weight loss, abnormally slow growth, repeated infections, diarrhoea, fever and persistent cough.
Hinglish
Adults mein weight loss, long-lasting diarrhoea, mouth/throat fungal infection, long-lasting cough aur lymph glands ki swelling ho sakti hai.
Children mein weight loss, slow growth, repeated infections, diarrhoea, fever aur persistent cough ho sakta hai.
24. HOW IS HIV INFECTION DIAGNOSED?
English
The chapter mentions:
1. ELISA Test
2. Western Blot Test
3. Viral Antigen Detection Test
Easy memory: HIV Diagnosis → ELISA + Western Blot + Viral Antigen Test
Hinglish
HIV infection detect karne ke liye ELISA, Western Blot aur Viral Antigen Detection Test diye gaye hain.
Yaad rakhein: HIV Diagnosis → ELISA + Western Blot + Viral Antigen Test.
25. PREVENTION OF HIV/AIDS
English
Important measures:
• Properly sterilize medical instruments.
• Sterilization may use steam, dry heat, boiling water or chemicals.
• Doctors and medical workers should use gloves.
• Used needles and syringes should be safely disposed of.
• Handle blood and medical waste carefully.
• Do not share needles.
• Use safe blood.
• Follow safe-sex practices.
• Take proper precautions during medical procedures.
Hinglish
HIV/AIDS ke spread ko prevent karne ke liye medical instruments properly sterilize hone chahiye. Steam, dry heat, boiling water ya chemicals use kiye ja sakte hain. Medical workers gloves use karein, used needles safely dispose karein, safe blood use karein aur needles share na karein.
26. HIV DOES NOT SPREAD THROUGH CASUAL CONTACT
English
HIV does NOT spread through handshaking, living in the same house, sitting beside someone in a bus, sharing food or drinks, sharing plates, telephones, books or pens, using common wash basins, toilet seats or swimming pools.
Remember: Normal social contact does NOT spread HIV.
Hinglish
HIV normal daily contact se spread nahi hota.
Haath milane, same house mein rehne, bus mein paas baithne, food/drink share karne, books/pens share karne, common wash basin, toilet seat ya swimming pool use karne se HIV nahi spread hota.
Normal social contact ≠ HIV transmission.
27. SOCIAL STIGMA RELATED TO AIDS
English
Stigma means treating someone negatively because of a disease or condition. People living with HIV/AIDS may face negative attitudes, prejudice, abuse, poor treatment or social rejection.
People living with HIV/AIDS should be treated with care, respect and dignity.
Hinglish
Stigma ka matlab kisi disease ki wajah se kisi person ke saath negative ya unfair behaviour karna.
HIV/AIDS se living people ko bhed-bhav, negative attitude, abuse ya social rejection face karna pad sakta hai.
HIV/AIDS affected person ke saath respect aur dignity se behave karna chahiye.
QUICK REVISION CHART
| Topic | English | Hinglish |
| Substance abuse | Harmful use of substances | Substance ka harmful/galat use |
| Addiction | Dependence on a drug | Drug ki aadat aur dependence |
| Withdrawal | Problems after stopping | Drug band karne ke baad problems |
| Alcohol | Affects nervous system and liver | Nervous system aur liver ko affect karta hai |
| Tobacco | Contains nicotine | Nicotine contain karta hai |
| Opioids | Example: heroin | Example: heroin |
| Cannabinoids | From Cannabis sativa | Cannabis sativa se |
| Coca alkaloids | Cocaine | Coca plant se |
| STD | Sexually Transmitted Disease | Sexual contact se mainly spread hone wali disease |
| AIDS | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome | HIV se related condition |
| HIV | Human Immunodeficiency Virus | Immune system ko attack karta hai |
| Diagnosis | ELISA, Western Blot, viral antigen test | HIV detect karne ke tests |
| Spread | Sexual contact, infected blood/needles, mother to child | Sexual contact, infected blood/needles, mother se child |
| Casual contact | Does not spread HIV | Normal contact se HIV nahi spread hota |
IMPORTANT FULL FORMS
- STD → Sexually Transmitted Disease
- AIDS → Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- HIV → Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- ELISA → Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- VD → Venereal Disease
- RTI → Reproductive Tract Infection
MOST IMPORTANT EXAM QUESTIONS
Q1. What is substance abuse?
Substance abuse is the harmful or improper use of a substance, especially drugs, to change mood or feelings.
Hinglish: Substance abuse ka matlab drugs ya kisi substance ka harmful ya galat use karna hai.
Q2. What is drug addiction?
Drug addiction is a condition in which a person becomes dependent on a drug and finds it difficult to stop using it.
Hinglish: Drug addiction mein person drug par dependent ho jata hai aur uska use band karna difficult ho jata hai.
Q3. Write four signs of drug addiction.
Loss of appetite; loss of body weight; loss of interest in daily activities; unsteady walking.
Hinglish: Bhook kam hona, weight kam hona, daily activities mein interest kam hona aur walking unsteady hona.
Q4. Name five types of drugs given in the chapter.
Alcohol, Tobacco, Opioids, Cannabinoids and Coca alkaloids.
Q5. What are STDs?
STDs are diseases or infections mainly transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person.
Hinglish: STDs woh diseases/infections hain jo mainly infected person ke sexual contact se spread hoti hain.
Q6. Give examples of STDs.
Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Chlamydia, Hepatitis-B and HIV infection.
Q7. What is AIDS?
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is caused by HIV, which attacks the body’s immune system.
Hinglish: AIDS ka full form Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome hai. Ye HIV ki wajah se hota hai.
Q8. What is HIV?
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It attacks the body’s immune system.
Hinglish: HIV ka full form Human Immunodeficiency Virus hai. Ye body ke defense/immune system ko weak karta hai.
Q9. How does HIV spread?
Through sexual contact with an infected person, infected blood/contaminated needles, and from an infected mother to her child.
Hinglish: HIV infected sexual contact, infected blood/contaminated needles aur infected mother se child tak spread ho sakta hai.
Q10. How can HIV transmission be prevented?
Use safe blood, do not share needles, properly sterilize medical instruments, follow safe-sex practices and take proper medical precautions.
Q11. Name two methods used for detection of HIV infection.
ELISA Test and Western Blot Test.
Q12. Does HIV spread through shaking hands?
No. HIV does not spread through normal casual contact such as shaking hands.
Hinglish: Nahi. Haath milane ya normal daily contact se HIV spread nahi hota.
ONE-MINUTE REVISION
- Drug Abuse → Harmful drug use | Hinglish: Drug ka harmful/galat use.
- Addiction → Dependence on drug | Hinglish: Drug ki aadat aur dependence.
- Withdrawal → Problems after stopping | Hinglish: Drug band karne ke baad problems.
- Alcohol → Affects nervous system and liver | Hinglish: Nervous system aur liver ko affect karta hai.
- Tobacco → Contains nicotine | Hinglish: Tobacco mein nicotine hota hai.
- Opioids → Example: Heroin | Hinglish: Heroin poppy plant se related opioid hai.
- Cannabinoids → Cannabis sativa | Hinglish: Cannabis plant se related drugs.
- Coca alkaloids → Cocaine | Hinglish: Coca plant se related.
- STD → Sexually Transmitted Disease | Hinglish: Sexual contact se mainly spread hone wali disease.
- AIDS → Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome | Hinglish: HIV se related condition jisme immune system weak hota hai.
- HIV → Human Immunodeficiency Virus | Hinglish: Body ke immune/defense system ko attack karta hai.
- HIV Spread → Sexual contact + infected blood/needles + mother to child.
- HIV Does NOT Spread Through → Handshake + sharing food + living together + sitting together + common toilet/swimming pool.
- HIV Diagnosis → ELISA + Western Blot + Viral Antigen Detection Test.
FINAL TAKEAWAY
Is chapter ka main purpose drugs ke harmful effects aur STDs/HIV/AIDS ke prevention ko samajhna hai.
Drug abuse ko NO bolo.
Safe practices follow karo.
Proper medical advice lo.
Needles share mat karo.
Safe blood aur sterilized medical instruments use hone chahiye.
HIV/AIDS se affected person ke saath fear ya discrimination nahi karna chahiye.
Hand written Notes: Download
Source:Class 9 Science chapter, Prevention of Drug Abuse and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, pages 181–190.